Vitamin B12 is a crucial nutrient, commonly sourced from two primary forms: cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin. One key distinction between the two is the molecule attached to the cobalt ion. In cyanocobalamin, a cyanide molecule is present, making it synthetic and not naturally occurring (R.Link, 2020). Despite being synthetic, cyanocobalamin is more frequently used in supplements due to its perceived stability and cost-effectiveness compared to other forms of vitamin B12.
Research suggests that cyanocobalamin is absorbed better by the body, while methylcobalamin demonstrates higher retention rates. Upon entering the body, cyanocobalamin is converted into active forms of vitamin B12, namely methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. Adenosylcobalamin plays a critical role in metabolizing fats and amino acids, as well as forming myelin—a protective sheath around nerve cells. Without adenosylcobalamin, the body would cease to produce energy at the cellular level, leading to systemic failure and, if left untreated, death.
In contrast, methylcobalamin is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 obtainable through supplements and food sources such as fish, meat, eggs, and milk. Since B12 cannot be produced in the body, it must be extracted from food, and the body can store several years’ worth of B12 supply depending on diet and health status.
Vitamin B12 is vital for neuron function, maintenance, and the creation of new red blood cells. Its deficiency can lead to various conditions including pernicious anemia, characterized by large immature erythrocytes with reduced hemoglobin and a shorter lifespan. Pernicious anemia often accompanies chronic gastritis and manifests with symptoms like an enlarged, red, sore tongue, digestive discomfort, and neurological sensations such as pins and needles and tingling in the limbs.
Furthermore, vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with conditions such as macular degeneration, male infertility, chronic fatigue, breast cancer, Parkinson’s disease, insomnia, cardiovascular disease, neurological disorders, and complications in pregnancy leading to birth defects.
In conclusion, maintaining adequate levels of vitamin B12 is essential for overall health and longevity. This can be achieved through a balanced diet and targeted supplementation.
